In traditional point-to-point integration every new system is wired to each existing system, and the number of connections grows quickly. In a UNS, systems talk only to the central namespace: producing systems publish data and consuming systems subscribe.
The namespace usually follows the ISA-95 equipment hierarchy (enterprise/site/area/line/cell/asset/metric) and is event-driven: only changed data is published. A UNS is an architectural approach, not a product; it is implemented with MQTT/Sparkplug, a broker and a well-defined naming scheme.
